Hole-transport liquid crystalline polymeric compounds, electrophotographic elements comprising same, and electrophotographic process

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are hole-transport polymeric liquid crystalline compounds having the formula (I) ##STR1## wherein A and B are alkylsubstituted siloxane or acrylate repeating units; 
     S 1  and S 2  are alkylene spacer groups; 
     L is a mesogenic group; 
     HT is a hole-transport functionality; and 
     x and y are integers, the ratio of x to y is from about 100 to about 0.1, the sum of x and y is from about 10 to about 500. 
     Multi-active and single active electrophotographic elements comprising these compounds and electrophotographic processes are also disclosed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel hole-transport polymeric compounds, electrophotographic elements comprising such hole-transport compounds, and electrophotographic process.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electrophotographic imaging processes have been extensively described in both the patent and other literature, for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,514,481; 4,471,039; and 4,175,960 (and patents cited therein). Generally, these processes have in common the steps of electrostatically charging an electrophotographic element and exposing the element imagewise to electromagnetic radiation, thereby forming an electrostatic charge image. A variety of subsequent operations, well known in the art, can then be employed to produce a permanent record of the image.

Electrophotographic elements comprise a conducting support bearing a layer of a photoconductive material which is insulating in the dark but which becomes conductive upon exposure to activating radiation. A common technique for forming images with such elements is to uniformly electrostatically charge the surface of the element and then imagewise expose it to activating radiation. Upon exposure of an electrostatically charged electrophotographic element, electron-hole pairs are formed in the electrophotographic layer of the element. When the element is electrostatically charged with a negative potential, the hole migrates to the surface of the element, thereby dissipating the surface charge in the exposed areas. When the electrophotographic element is charged with a positive potential, the electron migrates toward the surface of the element, thereby dissipating the surface charge imagewise in the exposed areas.

Left behind is a charge pattern referred to as a latent electrostatic image, which can then be developed, either on the surface on which it is formed, or on another surface to which it has been transferred, by application of a liquid or dry developer composition which contains finely divided electroscopic marking particles, known as toner particles. These particles are either selectively attracted to and deposited in the charged areas, or are repelled by the charged areas and selectively deposited in the uncharged areas. The pattern of marking particles can be fixed to the surface on which they are deposited or it can be transferred to another surface and fixed there.

Electrophotographic elements can comprise a single active layer, containing the photoconductive material, or they can comprise multiple active layers. Elements with multiple active layers (sometimes referred to as multi-active elements) have at least one charge-generation layer and at least one charge-transport layer. The charge-generation layer responds to activating radiation by generating separated electron-hole pairs, one member of which pair (the one of opposite sign to the surface charge) migrates to the surface as a result of the attraction of the surface charge, and there neutralizes that charge. A latent electrostatic image is thus produced on the surface. The remaining member of the electron-hole pair then goes to ground. Multi-active elements are extensively described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,960, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Numerous photoconductive materials have been described as being useful in electrophotography. These include inorganic materials, the best known of which are selenium and zinc oxide, as well as monomeric and polymeric organic materials, such as arylamines, arylmethanes, azoles, carbazoles, pyrroles, phthalocyanines, polyvinylcarbazoles, and the like.

Typically, monomeric charge-transport materials have been incorporated in an electrophotographic element in solid solution in a polymer binder matrix. Alternatively, amorphous polymeric charge-transport materials have been used. In either case, the individual molecules of the charge-transport material are randomly oriented, which limits the mobilities of the charges and thus the speed with which the charges reach the surface of the element.

As described by Gray (G. W. Gray, ed., "Thermotropic Liquid Crystals" in Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry, Vol. 22, Wiley 1987, p.x), liquid crystalline compounds can be divided into two general classes: lyotropic liquid crystals, which are ordered arrangements of micelles that arise in solutions of amphiphilic compounds at intermediate concentrations; and thermotropic liquid crystals, which are formed from rigid molecules, usually organic and generally either rod-shaped or disc-shaped, either by heating the crystalline solid or cooling the isotropic liquid.

As reported by H. Finkelmann et al. (Makromol. Chem., 1978, 179, pp. 273-276), the mesomorphic properties of low molecular weight liquid crystalline compounds are also observed in macromolecules; polymeric materials that contain rigid mesogenic groups attached by flexible spacer groups to backbones generally do not crystallize at lower temperatures but exhibit glass transition temperatures at which liquid crystalline phases are formed.

L. L. Chapoy et al. (Macromolecules, 1983, 16, pp. 181-185) proposed that electronic transport phenomena such as photoconductivity could be enhanced if the active groups were contained in a polymer possessing long-range molecular order and, with this in mind, prepared a polylysine helical polymer containing carbazole substituents. It was reported that no thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior was observed with this material but that in concentrated solution it formed a cholesteric lyotropic mesophase.

There is a need for photoconductive materials that exhibit improved charge-carrier mobility. The present invention provides novel hole-transport compounds with highly ordered molecular structures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel hole-transport polymeric compounds, as well as electrophotographic elements incorporating these materials. It has been found that liquid crystalline polymers incorporating covalently attached hole-transport functionalities can be used as the photoconductive charge-transport materials in electrophotographic elements.

Specifically, the hole-transport compounds of the invention have the formula (I) ##STR2## wherein A and B are alkylsubstituted siloxane or acrylate repeating units; S₁ and S₂ are alkylene spacer groups; L is a mesogenic group which imparts thermotropic liquid crystalline character to the compound; and HT represents a hole-transport functionality. Elements comprising the novel thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers of the invention exhibit improved charge mobility as the result of the compounds' high degree of molecular orientation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As described above, the novel polymeric liquid crystalline hole-transport compounds of the invention have the formula (I): ##STR3## wherein A and B are repeating units and are either alkylsubstituted siloxane units or are independently acrylate or methacrylate units;

S₁ and S₂ are alkylene groups which function as spacers;

L is a mesogenic group which imparts thermotropic liquid crystalline character to the compound;

HT is a group which renders the compound effective in transporting holes to the surface of an electrophotographic layer; and

x and y are integers, the ratio of x to y is from about 100 to about 0.1, preferably from about 10 to about 1, and the sum of x and y is from about 10 to about 500, preferably from about 20 to about 200.

L is a rigid rod-shaped group such as a substituted biphenyl, phenylcyclohexane, cyclohexylcyclohexane, stilbene, or any of the structural types shown in Table 1 of "Liquid Crystalline Polymers" (H. Finkelmann; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. English, 1987, 26, pp. 816-824). In a preferred embodiment, L is a substituted phenyl benzoate. In a more preferred embodiment, L is a 4-cyanophenyl 4'-oxybenzoate.

In a preferred embodiment, novel hole-transport compounds according to the invention have the formula (II) or (III): ##STR4## wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently hydrogen atoms or methyl groups;

R₃ is --OCO-- or --COO--;

Alk is lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms;

n is an integer from 2 to 20;

m is an integer from 2 to 12; and

p is an integer from 2 to 6.

Groups for HT include radicals derived by removing a hydrogen atom from the p-type organic transport materials listed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,701,396, from col. 11, line 31 through col. 12, line 39, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Preferred groups for HT include ##STR5##

Especially preferred hole-transport polymeric liquid crystalline compounds according to the invention include ##STR6## wherein a is an integer from 1 to 9, and ##STR7##

An electrophotographic element in accordance with the invention comprises a charge-generation material and a charge-transport material coated on an electrically conductive support. The charge-transport material comprises a polymeric liquid crystalline compound having the formula (I) ##STR8## wherein A, B, S₁, S₂, L, HT, x and y are as described above. Preferred groups for HT and preferred liquid crystalline compounds are described above by formulas (II) through (VIII).

The novel hole-transport polymeric liquid crystalline compounds of the invention are useful in either single-active or multi-active electrophotographic elements, as those are described above. In a single-active electrophotographic element, the charge-generation material and charge-transport material are contained in a single electrophotographic layer which layer is in electrical contact with a conductive support. A multi-active electrophotographic layer, in contrast, comprises separate charge-generation and charge-transport layers, either of which is in electrical contact with the support.

Most charge-transport materials preferentially accept and transport either positive charges (holes) or negative charges (electrons), although there are materials known which will transport both positive and negative charges. Transport materials which exhibit a preference for conduction of positive charge carriers are referred to as hole-transport (or p-type transport) agents, whereas those which exhibit a preference for the conduction of negative charges are referred to as electron transport (or n-type) agents. The novel compounds of the present invention are hole-transport or p-type agents with highly ordered molecular structures.

A multi-active electrophotographic element in accordance with the invention may be either a "standard" or an "inverse composite" element. By a "standard" element, we mean an element having a charge-generation layer in electrical contact with the conductive support. A charge-transport layer is coated over the charge-generation layer, forming the top surface of the element. In an "inverse composite" element, the charge-generation layer is on the top surface of the element, with the charge-transport layer beneath it, in electrical contact with the support.

In an electrophotographic imaging process, a uniform electrostatic charge is applied to the surface of the electrophotographic element. This electrostatic charge is held at or near the surface of the element due to the insulating properties of the element in the absence of activating radiation.

The term "activating radiation" as used in the present specification is defined as electromagnetic radiation which is capable of generating electron-hole pairs in the charge-generation material of the element. When the charge-generation material is exposed to activating radiation, electron-hole pairs are photogenerated therein. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,960, multiple modes of operation are possible with an electrophotographic element, depending on whether the element is subjected to an initial uniform positive electrostatic charge or to an initial uniform negative electrostatic charge, whether the element is a standard or inverse composite element, as described above, and whether positively charged or negatively charged toner and developer compositions are desired to be used.

It is distinct advantage of the present invention that the charge-transport layer of a multi-active electrophotographic element can consist entirely or essentially entirely of the novel liquid crystalline charge-transport compounds of the invention. A charge-transport layer of a multi-active electrophotographic element in accordance with the invention can be free of any non-photoconducting polymeric binder. Alternatively, as is more usually the case with conventional charge-transport materials, the charge-transport layer can contain a mixture of the charge-transport material in a suitable film-forming polymeric binder material. The binder material, if it is an electrically insulating material, helps to provide the charge-transport layer with electrical insulating characteristics, and it also serves as a film-forming material useful in (a) coating the charge-transport layer, (b) bonding the charge-transport layer to an adjacent substrate, and (c) providing a smooth, wear-resistant surface. Of course, even in instances where the charge-material material can be conveniently applied without a separate binder, for example, where the charge-transport material is itself a polymeric material, such as the novel compounds of the present invention, or a polymeric arylamine or polyvinylcarbazole, the use of a polymeric binder may enhance desirable physical properties such as adhesion, resistance to cracking, etc.

Where a polymeric binder material is employed in the charge-transport layer, the optimum ratio of charge-transport material to binder material can vary widely depending on the particular polymeric binder(s) and particular charge-transport material(s) employed. In general, it has been found that, when a binder material is employed, useful results are obtained wherein the amount of active charge-transport material contained within the charge-transport layer varies within the range of from about 5 to about 90 weight percent based on the dry weight of the charge-transport layer.

Representative materials which can be employed as binders in the charge-transport layer are film-forming polymeric materials having a fairly high dielectric strength and good electrically insulating properties. Such binders include styrene-butadiene copolymers; vinyltoluene-styrene copolymers; styrene-alkyd resins; silicone-alkyd resins; soya-alkyd resins; vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers; poly(vinylidene chloride); vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymers; vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymers; poly(vinyl acetals), such as poly(vinyl butyral); nitrated polystyrene; polymethylstyrene; isobutylene polymers; polyesters, such as poly[ethylene-co-alkylenebis (alkyleneoxyaryl) phenylenedicarboxylate]; phenol-formaldehyde resins; ketone resins; polyamides; polycarbonates, polythiocarbonates; poly[ethylene-co-isopropylidene-2,2-bis(ethyleneoxy-phenylene) terephthalate]; copolymers of vinyl haloarylates and vinyl acetate such as poly(vinyl m-bromobenzoate-co-vinyl acetate); chlorinated poly(olefins), such as chlorinated poly(ethylene); etc. Methods of making resins of this type have been described in the prior art, for example, styrene-alkyd resins can be prepared according to the method described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,361,019 and 2,258,423. Suitable resins of the type contemplated for use in the charge transport layers of the invention are sold under such tradenames as VITEL PE-101™, CYMAC™, Piccopale 100™, Saran F-220™, and LEXAN 145™. Other types of binders which can be used in charge transport layers include such materials as paraffin as well as combinations of binder materials.

In general, it has been found that polymers containing aromatic or heterocyclic groups are most effective as binder materials for the charge-transport layers because these polymers, by virtue of their heterocyclic or aromatic groups, tend to provide little or no interference with the transport of charge carriers through the layer. Heterocyclic or aromatic-containing polymers which are especially useful in p-type charge-transport layers include styrene-containing polymers, bisphenol-A polycarbonate polymers, phenol-formaldehyde resins, polyesters such as poly[ethylene-co-isopropylidene-2,2-bis(ethyleneoxyphenylene) terephthalate], and copolymers of vinyl haloarylates and vinyl acetate such as poly(vinyl m-bromobenzoate-co-vinyl acetate).

The charge-transport layer can also contain other addenda such as leveling agents, surfactants, plasticizers, and the like to enhance or improve various physical properties of the charge-transport layer. In addition, various addenda to modify the electrophotographic response of the element can be incorporated in the charge-transport layer. For example, various contrast control materials, such as those described in Research Disclosure, Volume 122, June, 1974, p. 33, "Additives for Contrast Control in Organic Photoconductor Compositions and Elements," can be incorporated in the charge-transport layer.

The thickness of the charge-transport layer can vary. It is especially advantageous to use a charge-transport layer which is thicker than that of the charge-generation layer, with best results generally being obtained when the charge-transport layer is from about 5 to about 200 times, and particularly 10 to 40 times, as thick as the charge-generation layer. A useful thickness for the charge-generation layer is within the range of from about 0.1 to about 15 mm dry thickness, particularly from about 0.5 to about 2 mm. However satisfactory results can also be obtained using a charge-transport layer which is thinner than the charge-generation layer.

The charge-transport layers described herein are typically applied to the desired substrate by coating a liquid dispersion or solution containing the charge-transport layer components. Typically, the liquid coating vehicle used is an organic solvent. Typical solvents include

(1) Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene and mesitylene;

(2) Ketones such as acetone and 2-butanone;

(3) Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform and ethylene chloride;

(4) Ethers including cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and ethyl ether;

(5) Mixtures of the above.

The charge-generation material of the present invention can comprise any of a number of materials known in the art that are capable, upon exposure to activating radiation, of generating and injecting charge carriers into the charge-transport material. Charge generation materials include inorganic materials such as amorphous selenium, zinc oxide, cadmium selenide, and arsenic triselenide, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,108,657; phthalocyanine pigments, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,578,334 and 4,701,396; the perylene compound disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,716,163; and the aggregate photoconductors which are dye-binder cocrystalline complexes formed with pyrylium-type sensitizing dyes and binder polymers of the types disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,615,396,3,615,414, 3,615,415, and 3,732,180.

A variety of electrically conducting supports in the form of sheets, drums or endless belts can be employed in the elements of this invention, such as for example, paper (at a relative humidity above 20 percent); aluminum-paper laminates; metal foils such aluminum foil, zinc foil, etc.; metal plates such as aluminum, copper, zinc, brass and galvanized plates; vapor deposited metal layers such as silver, chromium, nickel, aluminum and the like coated on paper or conventional photographic film bases such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), cellulose acetate, etc. Such conducting materials as chromium or nickel can be vacuum deposited on transparent film supports in sufficiently thin layers to allow electrophotographic elements prepared therewith to be exposed from either side. An especially useful conducting support can be prepared by coating a support material such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) with a conducting layer containing a semiconductor dispersed in a resin. Such conducting layers, both with and without electrical barrier layers, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,245,833.

The various layers of the element can be coated directly on the conducting substrate. In some cases, it may be desirable to use one or more intermediate subbing layers over the conducting substrate to improve adhesion between the conducting substrate and overlying layers or to act as an electrical barrier layer as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,940,348. Such subbing layers, if used, typically have a dry thickness in the range of about 0.01 to about 5 mm. Typical subbing layer materials include film-forming polymers such as cellulose nitrate, polyesters, copolymers such as copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate, and various vinylidene chloride-containing polymers including two, three and four component polymers prepared from a polymerizable blend of monomers or prepolymers containing at least 60 percent by weight of vinylidene chloride. Representative vinylidene chloride-containing polymers include vinylidene chloride-methyl methacrylate-itaconic acid terpolymers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,143,421. Various vinylidene chloride-containing hydrosol polymers which may be used include tetrapolymers of vinylidene chloride, methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile and acrylic acid as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,640,708. Other useful vinylidene chloride-containing copolymers include poly(vinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate), poly(vinylidene chloride-methacrylonitrile), poly(vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile), and poly(vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate). Other subbing materials include the so-called tergels described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,228,770.

Optional overcoat layers can also be used if desired. For example, to improve surface hardness and resistance to abrasion, the surface of the element of the invention can be coated with one or more electrically insulating, organic polymer coatings or electrically insulating, inorganic coatings. Useful overcoats are described for example, in Research Disclosure, "Electrophotographic Elements, Materials and Processes," Vol. 109, p. 63, paragraph V, May 1973.

While the novel photoconductive elements are useful in electrophotography, they can also be used in other arts, such as in solar cells, where photoconductive elements are employed.

The novel liquid crystalline compounds of the invention are prepared by copolymerization of a charge-transport monomer with a mesogenic, or liquid crystal-forming, monomer. We have found that a surprisingly high percentage of the charge-transport monomer can be incorporated into the compounds of the invention while retaining the overall liquid crystalline character.

The mesogenic vinyl monomers, of which compound (IX) (4-cyanophenyl 4-(1-undecylenyloxy)benzoate) is representative, were prepared by the method of H. Ringsdorf et al., Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 1982, 3, 557-562. ##STR9##

The mesogenic acrylate monomers, of which compound (X) (4-cyanophenyl 4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) benzoate) is representive, were prepared essentially by the method of M. Portugall et al., Makromol. Chem. 1982, 183, 2311-2321.

The following examples illustrate the preparation of the novel liquid crystalline compounds by copolymerization of starting monomers, and the retention of the liquid crystalline character of the compounds. Examples 1 and 2 illustrate the preparation of the charge-transport monomers, and Examples 3 and 4 illustrate the copolymerization of the mesogenic and charge-transport monomers to form the novel compounds of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of 4-penten-1-yl 3-(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)propionate, (XI). ##STR11##

A mixture of 3-(4-di-p-tolylamino-phenyl)propionic acid, 3.45 g, 4-penten-1-ol, 0.86 g, and 50 ml of dry pyridine was placed in a stoppered flask. The solution was chilled in ice and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 2.26 g, was added. The mixture was stored in a refrigerator for two days, and the crystalline solid was removed by filtration and rinsed with a small amount of fresh pyridine. The filtrate was poured into dilute hydrochloric acid and the resulting precipitate was extracted into dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract was separated and dried over MgSO₄.

The dichloromethane solution was examined by thin-layer chromatography on silica plates, using 80% toluene in cyclohexane. The analysis showed a major product at intermediate R_(f), and very little starting acid. The dichloromethane was evaporated, and the residue was dissolved in 20 ml of toluene:cyclohexane (7:3). The solution was flash chromatographed by the method of Still et al. (J. Org. Chem. 43, 2923 (1978), using the same solvent mixture. Homogeneous fractions containing the product were identified by thinlayer chromatography and combined, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The identity of the oily residue (XI) was confirmed by ¹ H NMR.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of 10-undecen-1-yl 3-(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)propionate (XII).

Compound (XII) was prepared by the same method as in Example 1, except that toluene:cyclohexane (1:1) was used in the flash chromatography. The identity of the product was confirmed by ¹ H NMR.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of 3-(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) propyl methacrylate (XIII). ##STR12##

A mixture of 3-(4-di-p-tolylamino-phenyl)propanol, 4.0 g, and triethylamine, 3.1 g, in 50 ml dichloromethane, in a stoppered flask, was treated, in portions, with 2.78 g methacryloyl chloride, diluted in a small amount of dichloromethane.

After a short time, thin-layer chromatography showed complete conversion of the starting alcohol to product. The reaction mixture was poured into dilute hydrochloric acid, which was extracted with additional dichloromethane. The water layer was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate, and the dichloromethane layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄, and filtered. A trace of di-t-butylhydroxytoluene was added to the filtrate and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure.

The residue was flash chromatographed, using 35% dichloromethane in cyclohexane. Homogeneous product fractions were identified by thin-layer chromatography on silica plates, using 10% ethyl acetate in toluene as eluent. These fractions were combined and the solvent was evaporated to yield the product (XIII) as a syrup, whose identity was confirmed by ¹ H NMR.

EXAMPLE 4 -Preparation of poly[4-(4-cyanophenyloxycarbonyl)phenoxy]undecyl methylsiloxane-co-5-(3-(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)propionyloxy)pentyl methylsiloxane (XIV). ##STR13##

4-Penten-1-yl 3-(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)propionate (XI), 1.2×10⁻³ mole, 4-cyanophenyl 4-(1-undecenyloxy)benzoate, 2.8×10⁻³ mole, and polymethyl hydrosiloxane (PS-122, from Petrach Co.), 3.63×10⁻³ mole, were dissolved in 20 ml of toluene. One drop of platinum-divinyltetramethylsiloxane (PC-075, from Petrach Co.) was added as a catalyst. The solution was left to stand overnight at 80° C. The reaction was monitored by the disappearance of the Si-H absorption at 2140 cm⁻¹ by Fourier-transform infrared analysis. After completion, the polymer was precipitated from methanol several times, and dried under vacuum. NMR was used to determine the x and y values of (XV), shown below.

The phase transitions of various liquid crystalline polymers prepared by the method of Example 3 were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, using a Perkin Elmer DSC-2C apparatus, and polarization microscopy. The results are summarized in Table 1.

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR14##                                                                                        Conc. of                                                            Initial conc.                                                                             hole-trans-                                                         of hole-   port portion               Cp                                       transport monomer                                                                         in product                                                                             Phase Transition                                                                         ΔJ/g                                                                              (J/gc.sup.3)                     Sample                                                                              n' (mole %)   (mole %)                                                                               (°C.)*                                                                            (heat enthalpy)                                                                         (heat capacity)                  __________________________________________________________________________     1    9  40%        31.3%   G.sub.0.47 S.sub.20.3 N.sub.36.4 I**                                                     ΔH.sub.1 = 1.57                                                                   0.129                                                                 ΔH.sub.2 = 4.18                     2    9  30%        23.7%   G.sub.3.68 S.sub.24.5 N.sub.39.5 I                                                       ΔH.sub.1 = 1.11                                                                   0.18                                                                  ΔH.sub.2 = 5.0                      3    9  10%        10%     G.sub.2.5 S.sub.24.8 N.sub.38.7 I                                                        ΔH.sub.1 = 0.696                                                                  0.146                                                                 ΔH.sub.2 = 1.164                    4    1  10%        10%     G.sub.6.23 N.sub.54.8 I                                                                  ΔH.sub.1 = 0.533                                                                  0.35                             5    9  0          0       K.sub.76 S.sub.198.5 I                                                                   ΔH.sub.1 = 0.533                                                                  --                                                                    ΔH.sup.m = 7.26                     6    1  0          0       G.sub.13.5 N.sub.64.5 I                                                                  ΔH = 2.6                                                                          --                               __________________________________________________________________________      *Determined by differential scanning calorimetry.                              **G, S, N, I, and K represent the glass transition temperature and the         smectic, nematic, isotropic, and crystalline phases, respectively.       

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of poly[6-4-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)phenoxy)hexyl acrylate-co-3-(4-di-tolylamino-phenyl)propyl methacrylate](XVI) ##STR15##

3-(4-Di-p-tolylaminophenyl)propyl methacrylate, 0.3×10⁻³ mole, and 4-cyanophenyl 4-(6-acryloyl oxyhexyloxy)benzoate, 2.5×10⁻³ mole, were dissolved in 20 ml of toluene and polymerized under nitrogen at 70° C. for 48 hours. Azoisobutyronitrile, 40 mg, was added as an initiator.

The reaction was monitored by thin-layer chromatography until complete. The polymer was precipitated into cold ether, redissolved in dichloromethane and reprecipitated into more cold ether. The polymer was then isolated and dried in a vacuum oven at room temperature overnight.

The liquid crystalline behavior of various polymers (XVII) prepared by the method of Example 4 was measured by polarization microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The results are summarized in Table 2.

                                      TABLE 2                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR16##                                                                           Conc. of hole-                                                                 transport portion                                                                            Phase Transition                                                                          WH (J/g)                                                                               Cp (J/gc.sup.3)                         Sample                                                                               in product (mole %)                                                                          (°C.)*                                                                             (heat enthalpy)                                                                        (heat capacity)                         __________________________________________________________________________     1     23%           G.sub.41.6 N.sub.49 I                                                                     --      0.465                                   2     18%           G.sub.34 N.sub.54.8 I0.955                                                                0.310                                           3     17%           G.sub.37 N.sub.41.3 I0.842                                                                0.202                                           4      8%           G.sub.31.7 N.sub.82 I                                                                     0.198   --                                      5     0             G.sub.29 N.sub.120 I                                                                      --      --                                      __________________________________________________________________________      *Determined by differential scanning calorimetry.                              **G, N and I represent the glass transition temperature and the nematic        and isotopic phases, respectively.                                       

The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. 

We claim:
 1. An electrophotographic element, comprising a photoconductive material that includes a charge generation material and a charge-transport material, coated on an electrically conductive support, wherein said photoconductive material is insulating in the dark but becomes conductive upon exposure to activating electromagnetic radiation, and wherein said charge-transport material comprises a polymeric liquid crystalline compound having the formula (I) ##STR17## wherein A and B are repeating units and are either alkylsubstituted siloxane units, or are independently acrylate or methacrylate units;S₁ and S₂ are alkylene groups which function as spacers; L is a mesogenic group which imparts thermotopic liquid crystalline character to the compound; HT is a group which renders the compound effective in transporting holes to the surface of an electrophotographic layer; and x and y are integers, the ratio of x to y is from about 100 to about 0.1, and the sum of x and y is from about 10 to about
 500. 2. The element of claim 1, wherein said polymeric liquid crystalline compound has the formula (II) or the formula (III) ##STR18## wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently hydrogen atoms or methyl groups;R₃ is --OCO-- or --COO--; Alk is lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; n is an integer from 2 to 20; m is an integer from 2 to 12; and p is an integer from 2 to
 6. 3. The element of claim 1, wherein HT is selected from the group consisting of ##STR19##
 4. The element of claim 1, wherein said polymeric liquid crystalline compound is selected from the group consisting of ##STR20## wherein a is a integer from 1 to 9; and ##STR21##
 5. The element of claim 1, wherein said charge-generation material and said charge-transport material are contained in separate charge-generation and charge-transport layers, either of which is in electrical contact with said support.
 6. The element of claim 2, wherein said charge-generation material and said charge-transport material are contained in separate charge-generation and charge-transport layers, either of which is in electrical contact with said support.
 7. The element of claim 3 wherein said charge-generation material and said charge-transport material are contained in separate charge-generation and charge-transport layers, either of which is in electrical contact with said support.
 8. The element of claim 4, wherein said charge-generation material and said charge-transport material are contained in separate charge-generation and charge-transport layers, either of which is in electrical contact with said support.
 9. The element of claim 1, wherein said charge-generation material and said charge-transport material are contained in a single active layer, which layer is in electrical contact with said support.
 10. The element of claim 2, wherein said charge-generation material and said charge-transport material are contained in a single active layer, which layer is in electrical contact with said support.
 11. The element of claim 3, wherein said charge-generation material and said charge-transport material are contained in a single active layer, which layer is in electrical contact with said support.
 12. The element of claim 4, wherein said charge-generation material and said charge-transport material are contained in a single active layer, which layer is in electrical contact with said support.
 13. The element of claim 5, wherein said charge-transport layer is free of non-photoconductive polymeric binder.
 14. An electrophotographic imaging process, comprising charging the surface of an electrophotographic element, said element comprising a photoconductive material that includes a charge-generation material and a charge-transport material coated on an electrically conductive support, wherein said photoconductive material is insulating in the dark but becomes conductive upon exposure to activating electromagnetic radiation, and wherein said charge-transport material comprises a polymeric liquid crystalline compound having the formula (I) ##STR22## wherein A and B are repeating units and are either alkylsubstituted siloxane units or are independently acrylate or methacrylate units;S₁ and S₂ are alkylene groups which function as spacers; L is a mesogenic group which imparts thermotopic liquid crystalline character to the compound; HT is a group which renders the compound effective in transporting holes to the surface of an electrophotographic layer; and x and y are integers, the ratio of x to y is from about 100 to about 0.1, and the sum of x and y is from about 10 to about 500; exposing the element to activating radiation; and developing the charged and exposed element by applying charge toner particles to said element to produce a toned image.
 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the polymeric liquid crystalline compound has the formula (II) or (III) ##STR23## wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently hydrogen atoms or methyl groups;R₃ is --OCO-- or --COO--; Alk is lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; HT is selected from the group consisting of ##STR24## n is an integer from 2 to 20; m is an integer from 2 to 12; andp is an integer from 2 to
 6. 